Past question papers, mark schemes and examiners' reports are available on the qualification page.

These are kept locked for the first 9 months after an examination series and you will require an Edexcel Online username and password to be able to gain access.

There are two recorded feedback events from the summer 2019 exam series, one for Papers 1 and 2, and the other event for Paper 3.

Ensure you make use of a calculator and double check that your fi nal answer makes sense.

Be careful to clearly identify your final answer.

It is always worth showing your workings. This does not need to take a lot of time and can help you pick up a mark if human error creeps into your fi nal calculation.

Make sure you know key formulas, such as how to calculate the multiplier.

There is no need to write anything for these questions - just draw the diagram.

When drawing diagrams candidates should always double-check that the lines and axes are correctly labelled.

Draw diagrams clearly and large enough to be easy to interpret.

In Paper 2, the main reason for candidates scoring 3/4 marks as opposed to 4/4 marks is labelling the vertical axis as price rather than price level.

For shifts in supply and demand consider the non-price determinants as identifi ed in the data. Do not confuse shifts in supply with extensions in supply.

Practice pay-off matrix diagrams and ensure there is a clear logic in the numbers as to what fi rms are doing and why this is rational behaviour.

In a 2-mark question there are no application marks.

2 mark ‘explain’ questions do not have application marks, according to the Test Specification, which examiners have to use when setting papers.

In a 4 mark question, you must always use some data, but you must also show some sense of analysis (BLT, because, leads to or therefore). Just listing definitions is knowledge and cannot be awarded as analysis.  B.L.T. is analysis! Because, leads to and therefore and 'linking words'that illustrate an analytical process. There are of course many other linking works you could use. You need to remember that definitions are knowledge marks, and you have to make a step in your reasoning to gain the analysis mark.

There is always at least one application mark for a 4-mark question.

A diagram can be app or an. The examiner decides at the end to give the candidate the highest mark.  A diagram alone with no explanation will only get 1 mark, but a diagram used and explained well could access more than 1 mark.

The breakdown of marks for a Paper 3, 5-mark question is 2 K, 2 Ap and 1An.

Remember that there are two marks for application.  This means candidates need to ensure they have two distinct pieces of application in their answer.

Remember to make at least one analytical chain of reasoning. The examiner is looking for brevity and clarity, and one clear step inthe reasoning, e.g. 'because', 'leads to', 'allows for'.

Two application marks are always available.

In this question the marks are evenly divided between knowledge, application, analysis, and evaluation (2 marks for each). Candidates need to offer some evaluation of their answer. Two correct factors explained in context are required. Two small pieces of evaluation or one more developed point is all that is required. Without evaluation answers are limited to 6/8 marks.

Candidates should not spend too much time on long introductions. Marks will only be awarded for the explanation and evaluation of the measures/factors so candidates should start immediately with the first measure.

We only award application marks for data/contextual references which actually support the point being made. Make eff ective use of the data. 2 marks are always reserved for application on 8 mark responses.

If you are asked for causes, reasons, effects or similar, then there is no good reason to define the key terms. On short questions such as this the knowledge marks are for identifying the causes and there are no definition marks.

If two factors are asked for then two must be supplied to gain full marks. However, application and evaluation marks are not linked to just one reason.

The best responses show a very clear structure to the answer, with two points identified, explained and with context quoted from the extracts before providing one or two evaluation points. This structure really helps the examiners follow a candidate’s answer.

Making effective use of supply and demand diagrams can help lock in knowledge and analysis marks or may provide a way into evaluation.

Do not spend a long time on the 8 mark questions. 8 minutes should be the maximum and a shorter time can produce full marks.

Keep the 8 mark questions short, but follow the pattern 'point', 'explain', 'example', 'evaluate' twice over. This method enables even half a page of writing to earn 8/8 marks.

There are examples of candidate responses scoring full marks in the following examiners' reports:

The starting point is to check the descriptors for these questions - this is what the examiners are required to do when assessing answers. The key point is that the quality of the response is more important than a specific number of points. That quality depends on factors such as chains of reasoning, application to context, integration of diagrams into the written analysis and a coverage of the key elements of the question. Candidates should be discouraged from writing 7 or 8 brief paragraphs covering a variety of issues at a superficial level. In the absence of other instructions, the following guidance shows possible ways to structure a response for each descriptor'

Second, scrutinising the mark schemes and Examiner Reports for these papers will provide much useful guidance.

This a 10 mark question, with 6 marks available for knowledge, application and analysis, and 4 marks for evaluation. To access the marks you should aim to spend roughly 6 minutes developing the KAA and 4 for the evaluation. To access full marks you just need to develop one argument on either side. Efficient use of time is important!

Questions could be answered with one key point as KAA and one key point as EV if a substantial point is made.

Example: so China is better than Japan … = KAA and then China is not better than Japan … = EV (or vice versa)

Another approach is KAA EV KAA EV but an overall judgment is not required

One substantial point is enough assuming it demonstrates an understanding of the concept in context, is fully integrated and answers the broad element of the question (perhaps connecting mini points well applied). This, followed by one substantial applied evaluative point, which answers the broad elements of the question through a coherent chain of reasoning, is sufficient to obtain full marks on one page.

Of course where a 10 mark question requires candidates to assess two reasons or effects then there is a requirement to move beyond substantially evaluating one major point.

It is worth noting that the 10 mark question does not need a final judgement. For 4/4, the Level 2 evaluation must be sustained, and most answers do this by making two evaluation points with more than one step in each chain of reasoning. The evaluation can be short, but not throw-away comments, such as, ‘however there is a time lag’.

A purely theoretical answer which is not applied to the context or does not refer to the data cannot achieve Level 3 for KAA.

Try to evaluate in context.

There are examples of candidate answers which scored full marks in both the Paper 1 and Paper 2 2017 examiners' reports.

The 2019 Examiners' Reports included the following examples:

Paper 1 (9EC01)
• example of a 6/10 response with commentary
• example of a 9/10 response with commentary
• examiner tip: Try to ensure evaluation is not on the brief side. A safe approach to this would be to evaluate each reason separately.

Paper 2 (9EC02)
• example of a 8/10 response with commentary
• examiner comment about the 8/10 response: Note that this is a fairly brief answer, yet the candidate has done a good job of accurately answering the question and so it still scores highly.
• example of a 5/10 response with commentary. This example has good KAA and no evaluation

Full mark answers can be found in the following examiners' reports: 

For a 12 mark question there are only 2 levels of evaluation, two brief points or one well-made point can reach the top of Level 2 evaluation.

There is no need to define concepts.  Examiners are not assessing you on your ability toremember definitions, but on your understanding of economics and your ability to see links between economic concepts.

Candidates need to remember that depth is more important than breadth in levels-marked questions such as this: make fewer different points but develop them more fully, and explain and apply them.

There are examples of candidate answers which scored full marks in all three 2017 examiners' reports and a further example in the 2018 Paper 3 report.

The 2019 Examiners' Reports included the following:

Paper 1 (9EC01)
• example of a 7/12 response with commentary
• example of a 11/12 response with commentary
• examiner tip: Ensure you provide a clear diagram, when asked, with additional annotations that help you answer the question set.

Paper 2 (9EC02)
• example of a 6/12 response with commentary
• example of a high scoring response with commentary. This example has top levels for KAA and evaluation
• examiner tip: Don't forget to relate your answer to the real world - either making use of the information provided in the figures and extracts or your own knowledge.

Candidate answers scoring full marks can be found in the following examiners' reports: 

If the question is in the singular e.g., effect, impact, outcome (for example 2019 9EC0 01 6c and June 2022 9EC0 03 1c), candidates are usually asked for a DIAGRAM + KAA paragraph (fully analysing their diagram) + EV paragraph (including 2 developed points in the EV paragraph).

If the question is in the plural e.g., reasons, effects, costs, then 2 KAA and 2 EV should be sufficient but there is no averaging of scores so if a third point is added and is weaker there will not be any reduction - positive marking only and the highest level possible is awarded, if maintained.

In the 15 mark questions it is important to develop arguments in detail. Diagrams are helpful and will focus the analysis. There are also 6 marks for evaluation, so take the time to consider why the methods proposed may not be effective.

In the 15 mark responses a limited number of points (typically two substantial points) evaluated in depth would be sufficient to access top levels rather than the legacy specification approach where a specific number of points were required. A large number of points evaluated at each step can create a rather disjointed response which lacks integration or clear chains of reasoning.

Conclusions are not needed in these questions.

There are examples of high scoring candidate answers in the following examiners' reports:

Writing a 25 mark essay is a crucially important skill. There are 4 across all three papers in the series. There should be at least two KAA paragraphs to develop both the depth and breadth of argument. There should be in depth evaluation of each KAA paragraph. At the end of the essay there should be a conclusion that works towards a justified judgement.

No introduction is required in any answers, and candidates are reminded to simply start by answering the question. Definitions can be a useful way to set the groundwork, but they are not required and the knowledge marks are clearly implicit when a strong argument begins.

For 25-mark essays it is unlikely that an answer would be 'balanced' by covering one KAA and one EV only. However, an answer with 4 or more KAA points and 4 or more EV would be very likely to be superficial. Each point is marked according to the levels, and once a level is sustained (that is, two clear examples) then the level is awarded.

To achieve Level 4 analysis candidates need to offer a depth of thinking which is best secured with two, or three, major points rather than attempting to do so through a wide range of points.

Definitions are not required (unless specifically requested in a question) but they are a useful way to keep the answer focused on the question.

Application - full marks cannot be accessed when the answer does not consider carefully the context of the question and data available. Try to fully integrate theory and context in both KAA and evaluation to guarantee top level marks.

Marks are lost when candidates don’t accurately interpret data in different statistical formats. Quantitative skills are a vital skill in the new exams and candidates need to be practising looking at graphs/charts and being able to explain what they show.

Analysis - the Level 4 Knowledge, Application and Analysis descriptor states that there needs to be "logical and coherent chains of reasoning". This contrasts to the Level 2 descriptor which describes a "two-stage chain of reasoning only".

Candidates should use relevant diagrams to explain their analysis. If candidates are going to use a diagram they should ensure that it is fully labelled and used in context. Evaluation also needs to be well balanced to offer an alternative viewpoint to the one already made.

You can get Level 4 by using just one micro and one macro factor, if both are valid. Fewer points done well and in context, with diagrams, makes a good strategy for 25-mark questions.

Try to avoid narrow responses or superfi cial answers by practising going beyond two stage chains of reasoning. Do so both for developing your point (KAA) and evaluation.

Evaluation
Candidates should practise offering informed judgements, being critical of the underlying assumptions in economic theory and recognising different viewpoints, as they respond to the essay-based optional question. Candidates should practise making answers contextual, and extend their chains of reasoning. It is clearly better to use a few points well, with data from the extracts, rather than trying to use all the policies and examples that could be used.

Level 1 evaluation (L1e) does not go beyond the generic or thin opportunity cost or magnitude type response. For top level evaluation (L3e) in the essays, 'informed judgement' is required – many candidates attempt this as a conclusion with mixed success – highly effective responses are critical of the assumptions underlying the theory initially put forward and are able to recognise different viewpoints in coming to their own clear judgement.

Ensure you are evaluating what you have written in the context of the question set. Top level evaluation displays relevant reasoning and appropriate reference to context as well as being critical of the evidence.

Centres may wish to practise getting candidates to evaluate what they have already written as their substantial point and to critically evaluate the knowledge, chains of reasoning and data as a means of developing their evaluation. This will also help them to access top level essay evaluation (L3e) in the essays where ‘sustained judgement’ is required. Candidates would benefit from attempting to weigh up theory and the sufficiency of the data as they write, to offer clear and sustained judgement.

Given time constraints it is only necessary to write two well developed paragraphs to achieve full marks for KAA.  Each should then be evaluated separately, so it is clear where the evaluation begins. Good signposting makes it easier for the examiner to follow your arguments and will keep you focused on the question. A conclusion is always necessary to make a justified judgement and therefore enables you to score full marks.  Quality in your answer always surpasses quantity. Write a few points really well, and extend the chains of reasoning to make points that you could read in a quality news report.  

A judgement is expected to get the very top marks for evaluation on the 25 mark question. The tendency is to make a summary at the end. What is needed, however, is an informed judgement. The difference is critical. Candidates are too often just summarising/repeating their points in their conclusions, rather than making a reasoned judgement. Without this, candidates are able to achieve a Level 3 score for evaluation, but not to be awarded full marks.

If the question states 'With reference to an industry of your choice', to achieve Level 4 candidates must refer to a specific industry in their answer and must ensure that most of the response is focussed on one industry.

In Paper 3 candidates should observe how a micro influence is also linked to a macro influence. Write an informed, critical conclusion weighing up your argument, not a summary. Return to the question and answer it - avoiding the personal pronoun is preferred - in an informed and reasoned framework.

In Paper 3, make at least one micro and one macro point. If you have more time then develop the side you think is the weakest with another more convincing point. It is better to make fewer points really well argued than using a scattered approach with several relevant thoughts.

There are examples of top level candidate answers in the following examiners' reports: 

Practise key diagrams such as cost and revenue, externalities and subsidies. Carefully label these and clearly show the direction of any changes on the diagram. Shading should be clear.

Clear diagrams enable knowledge, application and analysis marks, and can be referred to in evaluation to really explore the importance of an argument.

Make sure you write about the diagram you have drawn, and explain it.  Examiners do love diagrams, but they must be integrated into the analysis.

Remember, just because you haven't been asked to draw a diagram, it doesn't mean that you can't still do so and you will receive credit where it aids your explanation.

When the question asks for 'factors' or 'concerns' note that it is asking for more than one factor or concern. If you ignore this you will lose marks.

Clear 'signposting' throughout your response makes it easy to follow. For example, 'the first concern may be ... this is because....'

Be sure to answer the specific question set. A good tip is to link your point back to the question at the end of each paragraph you write.

Furthermore, make sure your writing is clear. If examiners cannot easily read what you have written, they may lose the thread of your argument. In some cases they cannot read it at all.

Crucially, practise writing against the clock. This makes it easier to write your responses neatly, and in time.

Make sure you use subject specific terms and concepts. These are all in the specification, and examiners write questions based on the specification. It tells you what you need to know. You won't be asked about concepts or diagrams that aren't on the specifi cation.

Equally, writing about theories or using diagrams that aren't on the specification doesn't necessarily add to the quality of your answer. The mark scheme that is used by the examiners is based on the specifi cation. Try to stick to what is on the specification. You should be aiming to make the marking of your paper as straightforward as possible.

For application, try to picture yourself as an economist advising a particular firm or sector on the impact of a change or policy. Context is crucial because what may work in one industry may not apply to another.

Your responses will score highly if they show clear evidence of development. Examiners are looking for a 'chain of reasoning'. Make one point per paragraph, apply it to the context of the question, and then explain it carefully, step-by-step. Aim for quality over quantity. Your task is to choose a strong argument then carefully explain to the examiner in terms of how and why it is important.

When you evaluate the argument you can then question why the argument may not apply in this situation. Evaluation is about the scale or significance of the point you make.

As part of your revision, spend time interpreting graphs. Look at the axes and think about what data the graph is showing you. If data is in percentages, this means changes between the data points would be in percentage points.